As urban areas continue to expand and traffic congestion rises, noise pollution has become a significant concern for city dwellers and policymakers alike. Traditional gasoline-powered vehicles contribute to high noise levels in urban environments, impacting well-being and public health.

Heavy metal contamination of farmland is a growing concern in many regions around the world. With increasing industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural practices, soils are often polluted with metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and chromium.